Year Author Title Journal Summary Primary outcomes participant# Type Duration >= 6 months >= 2 years Population type NOTE: Meta-analysis studies denoted in green text.

2017 McKenzie A Novel Intervention Including Individualized Nutritional Recommendations Reduces Hemoglobin A1c Level, Medication Use, and Weight in Type 2 Diabetes JMIR Diabetes This study demonstrates an individualized program delivered and supported remotely that incorporates nutritional ketosis can be highly effective in improving glycemic control and weight loss in adults with T2D while significantly decreasing medication use. Type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypoglycemic medications 262 non-randomized parallel arm prospective 70 days T2D

2017 Saslow Twelve-month outcomes of a randomized trial of a moderate-carbohydrate versus very low-carbohydrate diet in overweight adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus or prediabetes Nutrition & Diabetes The results suggest that adults with prediabetes or noninsulin-dependent type 2 diabetes may be able to improve glycemic control with less medication by following an ad libitum very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet compared to a moderate-carbohydrate, calorie-restricted low-fat diet. Additional research should examine both clinical outcomes and adherence beyond 12 months. glycemic control 34 RCT 1 year 1 T2D

2017 Taus A very low calorie ketogenic diet improves weight loss and quality of life in patients with adjustable gastric banding. Ann Ital Chir. KD can improve the weight loss and quality of life in patients who underwent LAGB and failed at losing more weight allowing a weight loss comparable to that obtained with a further calibration and it is useful to avoid drastic calibrations and their collateral effects. post Gastric banding weight loss 20 non-randomized 2 arm prospective 8 weeks s/p gastric banding for weight loss

2017 Tsaban Dynamics of intrapericardial and extrapericardial fat tissues during long-term, dietary-induced, moderate weight loss Am J Clin Nutr Moderate but persistent dietary-induced weight loss substantially decreased both IPF and EPF volumes. Reduction of pericardial adipose tissues is independently associated with an improved lipid profile. The Mediterranean diet, rich in unsaturated fats and restricted carbohydrates, is superior to an LF diet in terms of the IPF burden reduction. IPF and EPF changes during weight loss 80 RCT 18 months 1 Patient with moderate abdoinal obesity

2016 Mansoor Effects of low-carbohydrate diets v. low-fat diets on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials British Journal of Nutrition This meta-analysis demonstrates opposite change in two important cardiovascular risk factors on LC diets – greater weight loss and increased LDL-cholesterol. Weight loss Meta-analysis n/a

2016 Hall Energy expenditure and body composition changes after an isocaloric ketogenic diet in overweight and obese men Am J Clin Nutr A logical consequence of the carbohydrate–insulin model is that decreasing the proportion of dietary carbohydrate to fat without altering protein or calories will reduce insulin secretion, increase fat mobilization from adipose tissue, and elevate the oxidation of circulating free fatty acids (FFAs). For those participants following the Ketogenic Diet, insulin response was superior to comparative diet. EE, RQ and body composition 17 metabolic ward crossover 8 weeks obese men

2016 Wycherley Long-term effects of weight loss with a very-low carbohydrate, low saturated fat diet on flow mediated dilatation in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial. Atherosclerosis In patients with obesity and T2DM, HighCHO diet and LowCHO diet have similar effects on endothelial function. Bodyweight, HbA1c and FMD were assessed. 115 RCT 1 year 1 obese patients with T2D

2015 Sackner-Bernstein Dietary Intervention for Overweight and Obese Adults: Comparison of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets. A Meta-Analysis PlosOne This trial-level meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing LoCHO diets with LoFAT diets in strictly adherent populations demonstrates that each diet was associated with significant weight loss and reduction in predicted risk of ASCVD events. However, LoCHO diet was associated with modest but significantly greater improvements in weight loss and predicted ASCVD risk in studies from 8 weeks to 24 months in duration. These results suggest that future evaluations of dietary guidelines should consider low carbohydrate diets as effective and safe intervention for weight management in the overweight and obese, although long-term effects require further investigation. Weight loss Meta-analysis n/a

2015 Gardner Weight Loss on Low-Fat vs. Low-Carbohydrate Dietsby Insulin Resistance Status Among Overweight Adultsand Adults With Obesity: A Randomized Pilot Trial Obesity Both diets demonstrated significant weight loss, as well as improved biomarkers for many disease risk factors. Weight loss 61 RCT 6 months 1 obese adults

2015 Throning Diets with high-fat cheese, high-fat meat, or carbohydrate on cardiovascular risk markers in overweight postmenopausal women: a randomized crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr Diets with cheese and meat as primary sources of SFAs cause higher HDL cholesterol and apo A-I and, therefore, appear to be less atherogenic than is a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. Also, our findings confirm that cheese increases fecal fat excretion. blood lipids, lipoproteins, and fecal excretion of fat and bile acids 14 randomized crossover 12 weeks overweight postmenopausal women

2014 Bazzano Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets Annals of Internal Medicine The low-carbohydrate diet was more effective for weight loss and cardiovascular risk factor reduction than the low-fat diet. Restricting carbohydrate may be an option for ersons seeking to lose weight and reduce cardiovascular risk factors. weight, CVD risk factors 148 RCT 1 year 1 Adults without CVD or DM

2014 Jonasson Advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet has a favourable impact on low-grade infl ammation in type 2 diabetes compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet Annals of Medicine Low Carbohydrate Diet was found significantly to improve the subclinical inflammatory state in type 2 diabetes. inflammation in T2D 61 RCT 6 months 1 Adults with T2D

2014 Maekwa Retrospective Study on the Efficacy of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet for Impaired Glucose Tolerance Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy The LCD is effective for normalizing blood glucose and preventing progression to type-2 diabetes in patients with IGT. normalizing blood glucose in IGT patients and preventing progression from IGT to type 2 diabetes 72 2 arm Retrospective 12 months 1 Japanese patients with impaired glucose tolerance

2014 Moreno Comparison of a very low-calorie-ketogenic diet with a standard low-calorie diet in the treatment of obesity Endocrine In a group of obese patients, the VLCK diet was significantly more effective than a standard LC diet. At one year followup in the group with VLCK diet, most of the patients loss more than 10 % of their initial weight and lean mass was well preserved. Weight loss 53 RCT 12 months 1 obesity

2014 Saslow A Randomized Pilot Trial of a Moderate Carbohydrate Diet Compared to a Very Low Carbohydrate Diet in Overweight or Obese Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus or Prediabetes PlosOne Results suggest that a very low carbohydrate diet coupled with skills to promote behavior change may improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes while allowing decreases in diabetes medications. glycemic control and CVD risk factors 34 RCT 3 months overweight of obese adults with T2d or prediabetes

2014 Tay A Very Low Carbohydrate, Low Saturated Fat Diet for Type 2 Diabetes Management: A Randomized Trial Diabetes Care Both diets achieved substantial improvements for several clinical glycemic control and CVD risk markers. These improvements and reductions in GV and antiglycemic medication requirements were greatest with the LC compared with HC. This suggests an LC diet with low saturated fat may be an effective dietary approach for T2DM management if effects are sustained beyond 24 weeks. glycemic control and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in type 2 diabetes 93 RCT 6 months 1 obese patients with T2D

2014 Yamada A Non-calorie-restricted Low-carbohydrate Diet is Effective as an Alternative Therapy for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Internal Medicine Findings suggest that a low-carbohydrate diet is effective in lowering the HbA1c and triglyceride levels in patients with type 2 diabetes who are unable to adhere to a calorie-restricted diet. glycemic control and meatabolic profiles 24 RCT 6 months 1 Japanese patients with T2D

2013 Ajala Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes Am J Clin Nutr Low-carbohydrate are as effective as low-GI, Mediterranean, and highproteindiets in improving various markers of cardiovascular risk in people with diabetes and should be considered in the overall strategy of diabetes management. Type 2 diabetes Meta-analysis n/a

2013 Ballard Dietary carbohydrate restriction improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, microvascular function, and cellular adhesion markers in individuals taking statins Nutrition Research The results of this study suggest that a CRD could be a sustainable lifestyle that complements statin treatment to improve overall cardiometabolic risk, particularly for individuals with other risk factors indicative of metabolic syndrome, but future research is needed to determine the effects over a longer period of time. lipids, inflammation, insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, microvascular function, cellular ahehesion 21 single arm prospective 6 weeks statin users

2013 Bueno Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic d