A list of different staking, node and validator options for PoS chains: Cosmos, Polkadot, EOS, Tezos, Ethereum, Harmony.
Rewards, slashing, token economics, etc.
Randomly selected based on stake Need at least 8k XTZ (1 roll)
Randomly selected among all validators who staked exactly 32 ETH
Voting power
Weighted by effective stake
Weighted by stake
Equal for all validators
Equal for all
Weighted by stake
equal for all
Block proposer
Takes turns
Chance of being block proposer is based on stakes
Take turns
Take turns
Chance of being block proposer is based on stakes
Randomly selected with equal chance
Hot/Cold key separation
Yes
Yes
Yes (with additional control key to further separate cold key's functionality)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Reward
Block rewards (validators)
Proportional to validators' effective stake
Proportional to validators' stakes
Equal for all validators
Equal for all validators (0.25% inflation to BP - Fixed block rewards for all; 0.75% to standby BP distributed based on percentage of votes. 4% for development fund)
Proportional to validators' stakes
Equal for all validators
Block rewards (delegators)
After commission fees, distribute the rest in proportion to delegated stakes
After commission fees, distribute the rest in proportion to delegated stakes
After commission fees, distribute the rest in proportion to delegated stakes
N/A
After commission fees, distribute the rest in proportion to delegated stakes
N/A
Reward Calculator
N/A
link
link
link
link
N/A
Payout schedule
every block (~5s)
every block (~6s)
Recorded every 5s, Payout every 1 hour
every block (~500ms)
delegation become active after 7 cycles; reward locked after another 5 cycles (15 days)
N/A
Transaction Fee
Normal Gas fee
Block proposer gets: 1% more if 2/3 signatures included; 5% more if 100% signatures included; (2% of txn fee goes to reserve pool of cosmos)
N/A
No Explicit Fee
Normal Gas Fee + storage fee
N/A
Slashing
Double Signing Penalty
Minimum 2% slash; 33% if 1/3 validators double sign; Half burn + half goes to reporter
5% penalty; all stakes are automatically unbonded and can't be rebond for 21 days; validator jailed forever
N/A
No Slashing
Security deposit of 512 XTZ (per block) for baking and 64 XTZ for endorsement will be slashed; half goes to reporter + half burned
Minimum 1ETH slashed; Goes up linearly as the number of validators slashed at the same time
Unavailability Condition
66% of the block missed during an epoch
95% missed blocks in last 10k blocks (16hours)
Offline for "offline_slash_grace + unstake_theshold" times (e.g. 4 + 10 = 14)
didn't produce blocks for the last 24 hours
Missed all blocks for 5 cycles (15 days)
offline for 18 days
Unavailability Penalty
validator put into inactive mode and not included in shard assignment until they explicitly turn their mode back to active.
0.01% penalty; validator jailed for 10 mins
Slashing on the stake
BP removed from consensus
Become passive (jailed) for 1 cycle
if block is finalizing: the amount of block reward will be slashed; if block is not finalizing: Upto 60.8% stake will be slashed in 18 days
Validator Stake Centralization
No
Susceptible
No (Equal power for all)
Susceptible
Susceptible
No (Equal power for all)
Staking
Bond/Unbond
Every epoch
Anytime
Every era (1 hour)
Anytime
Anytime
Anytime
Dynamic Staking Adjustment
Yes
No (have to withdraw and re-delegate
Yes
N/A
Yes
N/A
Stake Locking/Withdraw Delay
7 epoch
21 days
12 weeks
Vote/staked tokens are locked for 3 days
Security deposit locked for 5 cycles (15 days)
18 hours minimum or depending on the withdraw queue
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